The growing danger from crimes committed against computers, or against information on computers, is beginning to claim attention globally. Cybercrime increasingly breaches national borders, nations perceived as havens run the risk of having their electronic messages misused. According to the Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Center (CERT/CC), the number of reported incidences of security breaches is on the rise. Moreover, countless instances of illegal access and damage around the world remain unreported, as victims fear the exposure of vulnerabilities, the potential for copycat crimes, and the loss of public confidence. Cybercrimes-harmful acts committed from or against a computer or network-differ from most terrestrial crimes in four ways. They are easy to learn how to commit; they require few resources relative to the potential damage caused; they can be committed in a jurisdiction without being physically present in it; and they are often not clearly illegal. Effective law enforcement is complicated by the transactional nature of cyberspace. Mechanisms of cooperation across national borders to solve and prosecute crimes are complex and slow. Cyber criminals can defy the conventional jurisdictional realms of sovereign nations, originating an attack from almost any computer in the world, passing it across multiple national boundaries, or designing attacks that appear to be originating from foreign sources. Such techniques dramatically increase both the technical and legal complexities of investigating and prosecuting cybercrimes.
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